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Linux 2.6.31内核优化指南

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Linux 2.6.31内核优化指南

作者:Ken Wu

Email: ken.wug@gmail.com

转载本文档请注明原文链接 http://kenwublog.com/docs/linux-kernel-2-6-31-optimization.htm!



介绍

本文档是一篇关于Linux Kernel 2.6.31的最简优化指南。作者旨在编译一份性能最佳且适合普通Application/Server开发用的内核。(非生产环境)
本文提及的内核调优,主要是通过选择最佳编译选项,删除无用驱动,减少内核尺寸,关闭部分安全特性等方式来进行的。

优化后的效果,主要体现在OS启动时间,启动后的内存占用以及应用程序运行性能。

由于作者水平有限,如果描述错误,还请不吝指教。



运行环境

虚拟机
Virtualbox 3.1.4

CPU
Core 2 Duo P9500 2.53G 双核 开启 vt-x, APIC

磁盘
虚拟 10G的SATA磁盘

内存
分了1G物理内存

网卡
虚拟 AMD PCNet32 100M

其他
USB,串口,显卡,声卡全关


作者是在虚拟机中编译的内核,如果你与作者的运行环境不同,则本文档中的部分描述可能会与你的实际情况有一定出入。

不过,相信大部分用户在看到选项释义时,能做出适合自己的选择。



说明

下列选项中,通过 "// " 注释的行,代表金国步写的内核选项简介中未提及的选项释义。

通过红色 "<===" 注释的行,代表内核默认开启,本文档推荐关闭的选项,释义部分会给出关闭的理由。



参考资料

金国步写的内核选项简介

Linux Kernel Database

Linuxsir BBS



优化前后性能对比

项目
优化前
优化后

内核尺寸
4.1M
1.6M

启动时间(含dhcp+默认init service)
22s
14s

启动后的内存占用
25M
22M

APP SPEC测试成绩
待测
待测




General setup  --->

[ ] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers <=== 显示尚在开发中或尚未完成的代码和驱动. 我不是内核或驱动开发人员。

()  Local version - append to kernel release

[ ] Automatically append version information to the version string

Kernel compression mode (Bzip2)  ---> <=== 对比默认的Gzip,Bzip2拥有更高的压缩比
  • Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)
  • System V IPC
  • BSD Process Accounting

  • [ ]  BSD Process Accounting version 3 file format

    [ ] Export task/process statistics through netlink (EXPERIMENTAL) <=== 体验类选项一律关

    [ ] Auditing support <=== 给SELinux提供支持。我的使用场景主要是开发应用程序,不需要那么高的安全性,另外安全总是以牺牲性能为代价

    RCU Subsystem  ---> // 非对称读写锁系统 是一种新的kernel锁机制,适用于读多写少环境

    RCU Implementation (Classic RCU)  ---> <=== 选择标准的RCU系统, tree-base是给拥有大规模CPU集群的SMP系统用的

    < > Kernel .config support

    (18) Kernel log buffer size (16 => 64KB, 17 => 128KB)

    [] Control Group support  ---><=== cgroups支持,文档资料,cgroups主要作用是给进程分组,并可以动态调控进程组的CPU占用率。比如A进程分到apple组,给予20%CPU占用率,E进程分easy组,给予50%CPU占用率,最高100%。我目前没有此类应用场景,用到时会选择将其编译进去。

    [] Kernel->user space relay support (formerly relayfs) <=== 在某些文件系统上(比如debugfs)提供从内核空间向用户空间传递大量数据的接口,我目前没有此类应用场景

    -*- Namespaces support

    []   UTS namespace <=== 我没有已安装的应用程序要用到 UTS ns

    []   IPC namespace <=== 我没有已安装的应用程序要用到 IPC ns

    [] Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support <=== 用于在真正内核装载前,做一些操作(俗称两阶段启动),比如加载module,mount一些非root分区,提供灾难恢复shell环境等,资料,我是期望直接从kernel image直接启动,所以没选它
  • Optimize for size

  • [ ] Configure standard kernel features (for small systems)  --->

    -*-   Load all symbols for debugging/ksymoops

    [ ]     Do an extra kallsyms pass <=== 除非你在kallsyms中发现了bug并需要报告这个bug才打开该选项

    Performance Counters  ---> 
  • Kernel Performance Counters // CPU 性能监听器,包括 CPU同一时间执行指令数,cache miss数,分支预测失败次数(Branch misprediction)。调优其他程序时或许会用到,比如JVM

  • [ ] Strip assembler-generated symbols during link

    [ ] Disable heap randomization

    Choose SLAB allocator (SLUB (Unqueued Allocator))  --->

    [ ] Profiling support (EXPERIMENTAL) <=== 我不是内核开发人员,不需要profile内核

    [] Activate markers <=== 一种运行时状态分析诊断工具,类似 instrumentation,资料,我用不到

    [ ] Kprobes <=== 我不是内核开发人员,不需要调试内核

    GCOV-based kernel profiling  --->

    [ ] Enable gcov-based kernel profiling


  • Enable loadable module support  ---> // 我很少使用dynamic module loading,所以,下面的选项只留一个unloading即可(默认)

  • --- Enable loadable module support

    [ ]   Forced module loading
  •    Module unloading

  • [ ]   Module versioning support

    [ ]   Source checksum for all modules



    -*- Enable the block layer  --->

    --- Enable the block layer
  •    Support for large (2TB+) block devices and files // 大硬盘支持,SATA设备如果不选,会发生 kernel panic,具体原因未知

  • [ ]   Block layer SG support v4 <=== 支持通用scsi块设备第4版,我用的是SATA

    [ ]   Block layer data integrity support

    IO Schedulers  ---> // IO调度器支持,不同程序可以会选用不同的调度策略,这里我们不要动他

    <*> Anticipatory I/O scheduler

    <*> Deadline I/O scheduler

    <*> CFQ I/O scheduler

        Default I/O scheduler (CFQ)  --->



    Processor type and features  --->
  • Tickless System (Dynamic Ticks) // CPU节能,动态时间片意思是当CPU处于空闲时,降低内核定时器的轮询频率
  • High Resolution Timer Support // 我有的时候要测试 Real Time JVM,希望内核能支持这种高响应速度的内核定时器,一般用户可关闭
  • Symmetric multi-processing support

  • [ ] Support sparse irq numbering <=== 如果你想支持大量CPU,又想使用较低的内核内存占用,请启用它。我只有单块CPU
  • Enable MPS table // 让多核/多CPU系统支持ACPI

  • [ ] Support for big SMP systems with more than 8 CPUs

    [ ] Support for extended (non-PC) x86 platforms <=== 我是X86平台,不需要再支持其他平台
  • Single-depth WCHAN output // 跟 proc 相关的最好不要关

  • [ ] Paravirtualized guest support  --->

    --- Paravirtualized guest support

    [ ] Memtest

    Processor family (Core 2/newer Xeon)  ---> <=== 这里请选择对应的CPU,我是 core 2 duo

    [ ] Generic x86 support <=== 通用x86支持, 如果你的CPU能够在上述"Processor family"中找到就别选了
  • HPET Timer Support

  • (4) Maximum number of CPUs <=== 我的CPU是双核,算上超线程HT最多虚拟4颗逻辑CPU,所以我选4 ,默认是8
  • SMT (Hyperthreading) scheduler support
  • Multi-core scheduler support

  • Preemption Model (Voluntary Kernel Preemption (Server))  ---> <=== 这里我选择了Server,它最贴近我的使用场景
  • Reroute for broken boot IRQs // 防止同时收到多个boot IRQ(中断)时,系统混乱
  • Machine Check Exception

  • [ ]   Use legacy machine check code (will go away)
  •    Intel MCE features

  • [ ]   AMD MCE features <=== 我是intel CPU

    [ ] Support for old Pentium 5 / WinChip machine checks

    < > Machine check injector support

    < > Toshiba Laptop support

    < > Dell laptop support

    [ ] Enable X86 board specific fixups for reboot <=== 修正某些旧x86主板的重起bug,这种主板基本绝种了

    <*> /dev/cpu/microcode - microcode support
  •    Intel microcode patch loading support

  • [ ]   AMD microcode patch loading support <=== 我是intel CPU

    <*> /dev/cpu/*/msr - Model-specific register support

    <*> /dev/cpu/*/cpuid - CPU information support

    < > /sys/kernel/debug/x86/cpu/* - CPU Debug support

    High Memory Support (4GB)  --->

    (4096) Low address space to protect from user allocation
  • Allocate 3rd-level pagetables from highmem <=== 在内存很多(大于4G)的机器上将用户空间的页表放到高位内存区,以节约宝贵的低端内存 ,我只虚拟了1G

  • [ ] Check for low memory corruption <=== 低位内存脏数据检查,默认是每60秒检查一次。一般这种脏数据是因某些Bios处理不当引起的。资料链接。我信任我目前的虚拟bios版本

    [] Reserve low 64K of RAM on AMI/Phoenix BIOSen <=== 我不是 AMI/Phoenix BIOS

    [ ] Math emulation

    [ ] MTRR (Memory Type Range Register) support <=== 我没用 X windows

    [ ]   MTRR cleanup support

    [ ]   x86 PAT support <=== 我没用 X windows

    [ ] EFI runtime service support <=== 我机器是BIOS引导的,用不到EFI(Extensible Firmware Interface),如果你有兴趣体验EFI,可以在Virtualbox中开启

    [] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode <=== 只有嵌入式系统可以不选

    [ ] Enable -fstack-protector buffer overflow detection (EXPERIMENTAL)

    Timer frequency (300 HZ)  ---> <=== Server场景建议设为300hz,减少内核事件响应速度,提高程序吞吐量,桌面场景可以保持不变

    [ ] kexec system call <=== 我没有运行时替换内核的需求

    [ ] kernel crash dumps <=== 内核崩溃时,dump运行时信息。就算crash了,我也不会去调试内核的core dump

    [ ] Build a relocatable kernel <=== 官方说明 (建立一个移动的内核,并增加10%的内核尺寸,运行时会被丢弃),我认为没实质性的作用

    (0x1000000) Physical address where the kernel is loaded

    [] Support for hot-pluggable CPUs <=== 热拔插CPU,我用不到

    [ ] Compat VDSO support

    [ ] Built-in kernel command line



    Power management and ACPI options  --->
  • Power Management support

  • [ ]   Power Management Debug Support <=== 不想调试ACPI

    [ ]     Verbose Power Management debugging

    [ ] Suspend to RAM and standby <=== 我是用来跑server,一般不需要待机

    [ ] Hibernation (aka 'suspend to disk')  <=== 我是用来跑server,一般不需要休眠
  • ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) Support  --->
  •    Deprecated /proc/acpi files
  •    Deprecated power /proc/acpi directories
  •    Future power /sys interface
  •    Deprecated /proc/acpi/event support

  • < >   AC Adapter <=== 我不需要从AC与Battery之间做切换

    < >   Battery <=== 没有电池

    < >   Button <=== 没有Fn快捷键

    -*-   Video

    <*>   Fan

    <*>   Processor

    <*>     Thermal Zone

    (0)   Disable ACPI for systems before Jan 1st this year

    [ ]   Debug Statements

    < >   PCI slot detection driver

    < >   Smart Battery System

        CPU Frequency scaling  --->
  • CPU Frequency scaling

  • [ ]   Enable CPUfreq debugging <=== 我不需要调试 CPUfreq

    < >   CPU frequency translation statistics

    Default CPUFreq governor (performance)  ---> <=== 默认用 performance高性能的CPU调频方式

    <*>   'performance' governor

    < >   'powersave' governor

    <>   'userspace' governor for userspace frequency scaling <=== 既允许手动调整cpu频率,也允许用户空间的程序动态的调整cpu频率(需要额外的调频软件,比如cpufreqd)  我只用 performance

    <>   'ondemand' cpufreq policy governor <=== "周期性的考察CPU负载并自动的动态调整cpu频率",我只用 performance

    <>   'conservative' cpufreq governor

    *** CPUFreq processor drivers ***

    <*>   ACPI Processor P-States driver

    < >   AMD Mobile K6-2/K6-3 PowerNow!

    < >   AMD Mobile Athlon/Duron PowerNow!

    < >   AMD Opteron/Athlon64 PowerNow!

    < >   Cyrix MediaGX/NatSemi Geode Suspend Modulation

    < >   Intel Enhanced SpeedStep (deprecated)

    < >   Intel Speedstep on ICH-M chipsets (ioport interface)

    < >   Intel Pentium 4 clock modulation

    < >   Transmeta LongRun

    < >   VIA Cyrix III Longhaul



    Bus options (PCI etc.)  --->
  • PCI support

  • PCI access mode (Any)  --->
  • PCI Express support
  •    Root Port Advanced Error Reporting support // 硬件驱动会负责发送错误信息

  • [ ]     PCI Express ECRC settings control

    < >     PCIE AER error injector support
  • Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI and MSI-X)

  • [ ] Enable deprecated pci_find_* API

    [ ] PCI Debugging

    < > PCI Stub driver
  • Interrupts on hypertransport devices

  • [ ] PCI IOV support

    [ ] ISA support

    [ ] MCA support

    < > NatSemi SCx200 support

    [ ] One Laptop Per Child support

    < > PCCard (PCMCIA/CardBus) support  ---> <=== 一般笔记本电脑会配备PCCard接口(无线网卡之类的),看你的硬件和使用场景吧。虽然我也是NB,但我从来不用PCMCIA

    < > Support for PCI Hotplug  ---> <=== 我没有要热拔插PCI设备的需求



    Executable file formats / Emulations  --->
  • Kernel support for ELF binaries
  • Write ELF core dumps with partial segments

  • < > Kernel support for a.out and ECOFF binaries

    <*> Kernel support for MISC binaries


  • Networking support  --->

  • Networking options  --->

    <*> Packet socket
  •    Packet socket: mmapped IO

  • <*> Unix domain sockets

    <*> Transformation user configuration interface

    < > PF_KEY sockets
  • TCP/IP networking
  •    IP: multicasting
  •    IP: advanced router

  • Choose IP: FIB lookup algorithm (choose FIB_HASH if unsure) (FIB_HASH)  --->
  •    IP: policy routing
  •    IP: equal cost multipath
  •    IP: verbose route monitoring

  • [ ]   IP: kernel level autoconfiguration <=== 我很少用网络引导OS,内核级别的网络配置对我无用。

    [ ]     IP: DHCP support

    [ ]     IP: BOOTP support

    [ ]     IP: RARP support

    < >   IP: tunneling

    < >   IP: GRE tunnels over IP
  •    IP: multicast routing
  •      IP: PIM-SM version 1 support
  •      IP: PIM-SM version 2 support

  • [ ]   IP: ARP daemon support

    [ ]   IP: TCP syncookie support (disabled per default) <=== 抵抗SYN flood攻击,我是开发机,暂不考虑安全特性

    < >   IP: AH transformation

    < >   IP: ESP transformation

    < >   IP: IPComp transformation

    < >   IP: IPsec transport mode

    < >   IP: IPsec tunnel mode

    < >   IP: IPsec BEET mode
  •    Large Receive Offload (ipv4/tcp)

  • < >   INET: socket monitoring interface

    [ ]   TCP: advanced congestion control  ---> <=== 高级拥塞控制,如果没有特殊需求(比如无线网络)就别选了

    < >   The IPv6 protocol  ---> <=== 我暂时没有要支持IPV6的需求

    [ ]   NetLabel subsystem support <=== NetLabel子系统, 为诸如CIPSO与RIPSO之类能够在分组信息上添加标签的协议提供支持,我用不到

    [ ] Security Marking <=== 对网络包进行安全标记,类似于nfmark,但主要是为安全目的而设计, 安全特性,我暂时不考虑

    [ ] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)  ---> <=== 我不打算使用防火墙,要用到时再编译进去

    < > Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

    < > 802.1d Ethernet Bridging

    < > 802.1Q VLAN Support

    < > DECnet Support

    < > ANSI/IEEE 802.2 LLC type 2 Support

    < > The IPX protocol

    < > Appletalk protocol support

    < > Phonet protocols family

    [ ] QoS and/or fair queueing  --->  <=== 通过IPRoute切换网络设备上的Qos策略,我不打算使用IP路由

    [ ] Data Center Bridging support

    Network testing  --->

    [ ]   Amateur Radio support  ---> <=== 我没有无线电

    < >   CAN bus subsystem support  --->

    < >   IrDA (infrared) subsystem support  --->

    < >   Bluetooth subsystem support  --->

    [ ]   Wireless  ---> <=== 我没有使用无线网卡

    < >   RF switch subsystem support  ---> <=== 我没有RF切换设备



    Device Drivers  --->

    Generic Driver Options  --->

    (/sbin/hotplug) path to uevent helper
  • Prevent firmware from being built

  • -*- Userspace firmware loading support
  •    Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary

  • ()    External firmware blobs to build into the kernel binary

    [ ] Driver Core verbose debug messages

    [ ] Managed device resources verbose debug messages <=== 管理设备资源的冗长调试信息,我不需要

    <*> Connector - unified userspace <-> kernelspace linker  --->// 内核空间与用户空间的信道
  •    Report process events to userspace // 报告处理时间给用户空间

  • < > Memory Technology Device (MTD) support  --->

    < > Parallel port support  --->

    -*- Plug and Play support  --->

    [ ]   PNP debugging messages <=== 调试信息,老规矩

    [ ] Block devices  ---> <=== 我没有想要支持的块设备,比如ramdisk, 磁盘阵列,CD/DVD刻录等,详见内部选项

    [ ] Misc devices  ---> <=== 没有需要支持的杂项设备

    < > ATA/ATAPI/MFM/RLL support  --->

    SCSI device support  --->

    < > RAID Transport Class

    -*- SCSI device support

    [] legacy /proc/scsi/ support <=== 我没有SCSI设备

    *** SCSI support type (disk, tape, CD-ROM) ***

    <*> SCSI disk support // 就算你用SATA,此选项也必选

    < > SCSI tape support

    < > SCSI OnStream SC-x0 tape support

    <> SCSI CDROM support <=== 我没有SCSI设备

    <> SCSI generic support <=== 我没有SCSI设备

    < > SCSI media changer support

    [ ] Probe all LUNs on each SCSI device

    [] Verbose SCSI error reporting (kernel size +=12K) <=== 我没有SCSI设备

    [ ] SCSI logging facility

    [ ] Asynchronous SCSI scanning

    SCSI Transports  --->

    <> Parallel SCSI (SPI) Transport Attributes <=== 我没有SCSI设备

    < > FiberChannel Transport Attributes

    < > iSCSI Transport Attributes

    < > SAS Domain Transport Attributes

    < > SRP Transport Attributes

    [ ] SCSI low-level drivers  --->

    < > SCSI Device Handlers  --->

    < > OSD-Initiator library

    Serial ATA (prod) and Parallel ATA (experimental) drivers  --->
  •    ATA ACPI Support

  • [ ]   SATA Port Multiplier support <=== 我只有一枚SATA设备,没有使用多路SATA/SATA Hub 的需求。Port Multiplier是南桥芯片提供的一种支持多块SATA设备,并共享总带宽的技术。

    <*>   AHCI SATA support

    < >   Silicon Image 3124/3132 SATA support
  •    ATA SFF support

  • < >     ServerWorks Frodo / Apple K2 SATA support

    <*>     Intel ESB, ICH, PIIX3, PIIX4 PATA/SATA support // Intel ICH,G系列chipset driver

    < >     Marvell SATA support 

    < >     NVIDIA SATA support  

    < >     Pacific Digital ADMA support                  

    < >     Pacific Digital SATA QStor support            

    < >     Promise SATA TX2/TX4 support                  

    < >     Silicon Image SATA support                    

    < >     SiS 964/965/966/180 SATA support              

    < >     ULi Electronics SATA support                  

    < >     VIA SATA support     

    < >     VITESSE VSC-7174 / INTEL 31244 SATA support   

    < >     Initio 162x SATA support                      

    < >     ACPI firmware driver for PATA                 

    < >     ALi PATA support     

    < >     AMD/NVidia PATA support <=== 我用的是SATA,取消PATA支持

    < >     ARTOP 6210/6260 PATA support                  

    < >     ATI PATA support     

    < >     CMD64x PATA support  

    < >     CS5510/5520 PATA support                      

    < >     CS5530 PATA support

    < >     CS5536 PATA support                           

    < >     EFAR SLC90E66 support                         

    < >     Generic ATA support                           

    < >     HPT 366/368 PATA support                      

    < >     HPT 343/363 PATA support                      

    < >     IT8211/2 PATA support                         

    < >     JMicron PATA support                          

    < >     Compaq Triflex PATA support                   

    < >     Marvell PATA support via legacy mode          

    <>     Intel PATA MPIIX support <=== 我用的是SATA,取消PATA支持

    < >     Intel PATA old PIIX support <=== 我用的是SATA,取消PATA支持

    < >     NETCELL Revolution RAID support               

    < >     Nat Semi NS87410 PATA support                 

    < >     Nat Semi NS87415 PATA support                 

    < >     Older Promise PATA controller support         

    < >     PC Tech RZ1000 PATA support                   

    < >     SC1200 PATA support                           

    < >     SERVERWORKS OSB4/CSB5/CSB6/HT1000 PATA support

    < >     Promise PATA 2027x support                    

    < >     CMD / Silicon Image 680 PATA support          

    < >     SiS PATA support                              

    < >     VIA PATA support                              

    < >     Winbond SL82C105 PATA support                 

    < >     Intel SCH PATA support <=== 我用的是SATA,取消PATA支持

    [ ] Multiple devices driver support (RAID and LVM)  ---> <=== 暂时没有要使用Raid(磁盘阵列)和LVM(逻辑卷管理器,添加,删除逻辑分区)的需求

    [ ] Fusion MPT device support  --->

    IEEE 1394 (FireWire) support  --->

    < > I2O device support  --->

    [ ] Macintosh device drivers  ---> <=== Mac系统硬件设备驱动,没什么好说的,关
  • Network device support  --->

  • < >   Dummy net driver support                        

    < >   Bonding driver support                          

    < >   EQL (serial line load balancing) support        

    < >   Universal TUN/TAP device driver support         

    < >   Virtual ethernet pair device                    

    < >   General Instruments Surfboard 1000              

    < >   ARCnet support  ---> 

    <>   PHY Device support and infrastructure  ---> <=== PHY (物理层控制芯片)  ,里面没有我对应的硬件
  •    Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)  --->

  • -*-   Generic Media Independent Interface device support

    < >   Sun Happy Meal 10/100baseT support              

    < >   Sun GEM support                                 

    < >   Sun Cassini support                             

    [ ]   3COM cards <=== 我不是3COM网卡

    []   "Tulip" family network device support  ---> <=== 不是 Tulip 系列

    < >   HP 10/100VG PCLAN (ISA, EISA, PCI) support      
  •    EISA, VLB, PCI and on board controllers

  • <*>     AMD PCnet32 PCI support  // 这是我的网卡驱动                     

    < >     AMD 8111 (new PCI lance) support              

    < >     Adaptec Starfire/DuraLAN support              

    < >   Broadcom 440x/47xx ethernet support             

    < >   nForce Ethernet support  <=== 不是 nForce 网卡       

    < >   Intel(R) PRO/100+ support  <=== 不是 Intel 网卡            

    < >   Myson MTD-8xx PCI Ethernet support              

    < >   National Semiconductor DP8381x series PCI Ethernet support

    <>   PCI NE2000 and clones support (see help) <=== 与NE2000无关

    <>   RealTek RTL-8129/8130/8139 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support <=== 不是 RealTek 网卡

    [ ]     Use PIO instead of MMIO                       

    [ ]     Support for uncommon RTL-8139 rev. K (automatic channel equalization)

    [ ]     Support for older RTL-8129/8130 boards        

    [ ]     Use older RX-reset method

    < >   RDC R6040 Fast Ethernet Adapter support         

    < >   SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support  

    < >   SMC EtherPower II                               

    < >   SMSC LAN9420 PCI ethernet adapter support       

    < >   Sundance Alta support                           

    < >   TI ThunderLAN support                           

    < >   Micrel KSZ8842                                  

    < >   VIA Rhine support                               

    < >   Atheros L2 Fast Ethernet support

    []   Ethernet (1000 Mbit)  ---> <=== 如果你是千M卡,请自行选择

    []   Ethernet (10000 Mbit)  ---> <=== 如果你是万M卡,请自行选择

    <>   Token Ring driver support  ---> <=== IBM的令牌环网,用以太网的忽略

          Wireless LAN  --->                              

          *** Enable WiMAX (Networking options) to see the WiMAX drivers *** 

          USB Network Adapters  --->                      

    [ ]   Wan interfaces support  --->                    

    <>   FDDI driver support <=== 光纤卡驱动,相信没几个人能用上这玩意

    < >   PPP (point-to-point protocol) support           

    < >   SLIP (serial line) support                      

    [ ]   Fibre Channel driver support

    [ ] ISDN support  --->       

    < > Telephony support  --->  

    Input device support  --->

    -*- Generic input layer (needed for keyboard, mouse, ...)

    -*-   Support for memoryless force-feedback devices   

    <>   Polled input device skeleton  <=== 一种周期性轮询硬件状态的驱动,去掉后没什么副作用

          *** Userland interfaces ***                     

    -*-   Mouse interface

    [ ]     Provide legacy /dev/psaux device 

    (1024)  Horizontal screen resolution                  

    (768)   Vertical screen resolution                    

    < >   Joystick interface                              

    <>   Event interface  <=== 将输入设备的事件存储到/dev/input/eventX供应用程序读取,没相关需求

    < >   Event debugging                                 

          *** Input Device Drivers ***                    

    -*-   Keyboards  --->

    []   Mice  ---> <=== 我是用纯字符终端,如果你想用X window,请自行选择                             

    []   Joysticks/Gamepads  --->  <=== 游戏设备

    []   Tablets  ---> <=== 平板PC

    []   Touchscreens  --->  <=== 触摸屏

    []   Miscellaneous devices  ---> <=== 杂七杂八的驱动,扬声器,笔记本扩展按键等

    Hardware I/O ports  --->

    Character devices  ---> 

    -*- Virtual terminal         

    []   Support for binding and unbinding console drivers // 在某些系统上可以使用多个控制台驱动程序(如framebuffer控制台驱动程序),该选项使得你可以选择其中之一,我一般只用默认的虚拟终端

    [] /dev/kmem virtual device support  <=== 支持/dev/kmem设备,很少用    

    [] Non-standard serial port support  <=== 我没有非标准的串口设备

    Serial drivers  --->

    < > 8250/16550 and compatible serial support <=== 兼容一些老式的串口设备,我一般不用

        *** Non-8250 serial port support ***

    < > Digi International NEO PCI Support

    -*- Unix98 PTY support       

    [ ]   Support multiple instances of devpts            

    [ ] Legacy (BSD) PTY support 

    < > IPMI top-level message handler  --->              

    <*> Hardware Random Number Generator Core support     

    < >   Timer IOMEM HW Random Number Generator support  

    <*>   Intel HW Random Number Generator support    

    <>   AMD HW Random Number Generator support  <=== 我是intel主板

    < >   AMD Geode HW Random Number Generator support <=== 我是intel主板

    <>   VIA HW Random Number Generator support <=== 我是intel主板    

    <> /dev/nvram support  <=== 直接存取CMOS,太危险,关

    < > Siemens R3964 line discipline

    < > Applicom intelligent fieldbus card support        

    < > ACP Modem (Mwave) support

    < > NatSemi PC8736x GPIO Support                      

    < > NatSemi Base GPIO Support

    < > AMD CS5535/CS5536 GPIO (Geode Companion Device)   

    < > RAW driver (/dev/raw/rawN)
  • HPET - High Precision Event Timer              

  • [ ]   Allow mmap of HPET     

    < > Hangcheck timer

    -*- I2C support  ---> // 感知硬件状态,比如温度,风扇转速

    [ ] SPI support  --->        

        PPS support  --->        

    [ ] GPIO Support  --->       

    < > Dallas's 1-wire support  --->                     

    -*- Power supply class support  --->                  

    <*> Hardware Monitoring support  --->      

    -*- Generic Thermal sysfs driver  --->                
  • Watchdog Timer Support  --->                      

  •     Sonics Silicon Backplane  --->                    

        Multifunction device drivers  --->                

    [ ] Voltage and Current Regulator Support  --->       

    < > Multimedia support  ---> 

    Graphics support  --->

    <> /dev/agpgart (AGP Support)  ---> <=== 用字符终端的忽略            

    <> Direct Rendering Manager (XFree86 4.1.0 and higher DRI support)  ---> <=== 用字符终端的忽略

    <> Lowlevel video output switch controls  <=== 用字符终端的忽略

    <> Support for frame buffer devices  --->  <=== 用字符终端的忽略

    [] Backlight & LCD device support  --->  <=== 用字符终端的忽略

        Display device support  ---> 

        Console display driver support  --->  
  •    Enable Scrollback Buffer in System RAM

  • (64)    Scrollback Buffer Size (in KB)

    <> Sound card support  --->  <=== 用不到声卡

    [] HID Devices  --->  <=== 用不到人力工程学设备

    [] USB support  --->  <=== 这个选项,对于跑物理机建议开启,因为有可能你的键盘是USB的,我是跑虚拟机的,所以关了

    < > MMC/SD/SDIO card support  --->  

    < > Sony MemoryStick card support (EXPERIMENTAL)  --->

    [] LED Support  --->  <=== 发光二级管,应该是跟显示器相关的驱动,由于我运行的是虚拟机,所以我选择关闭

    [ ] Accessibility support  --->

    < > InfiniBand support  ---> 
  • EDAC (Error Detection And Correction) reporting  ---> // 硬件故障repoting

  • <*> Real Time Clock  --->
  • DMA Engine support  ---> 

  • [ ] Auxiliary Display support  --->                   

    < > Userspace I/O drivers  --->                       

        TI VLYNQ  --->           

    [ ] Staging drivers  --->    

    [] X86 Platform Specific Device Drivers  ---> <=== 一些笔记本的驱动,我没有相关设备



    Firmware Drivers  --->

    < > BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive calls determine boot disk

    < > BIOS update support for DELL systems via sysfs    

    < > Dell Systems Management Base Driver               
  • Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace   // 将BIOS里的DMI区信息导出到用户空间,部分系统管理工具可能会用到

  • [ ] iSCSI Boot Firmware Table Attributes



    File systems  --->

    < > Second extended fs support

    <> Ext3 journalling file system support <=== 我使用的是ext4 FS

    <*> The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem

    [ ]   Enable ext4dev compatibility                    
  •    Ext4 extended attributes
  •      Ext4 POSIX Access Control Lists

  • []     Ext4 Security Labels  <=== 取消 SELinux 支持

    [ ] JBD (ext3) debugging support

    [ ] JBD2 (ext4) debugging support                     

    < > Reiserfs support         

    < > JFS filesystem support   

    < > XFS filesystem support   

    < > OCFS2 file system support
  • Dnotify support          
  • Inotify file change notification support          
  • Inotify support for userspace                     

  • [] Quota support <=== 磁盘配额支持,限制某个用户或者某组用户的磁盘占用空间,暂时没这个需求,你可以把它编译成模块

    < > Kernel automounter support

    <*> Kernel automounter version 4 support (also supports v3)  <=== 我没有要挂载远程文件系统的需求

    < > FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support

        Caches  ---> 

        CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems  ---> 

    <> ISO 9660 CDROM file system support  <=== 在虚拟机内,我不用CDROM              

    < > UDF file system support

        DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems  --->

    < > MSDOS fs support <=== 我没有微软fs的设备

    < > VFAT (Windows-95) fs support  <=== 我没有微软fs的设备

    < > NTFS file system support

        Pseudo filesystems  ---> 

    [] Miscellaneous filesystems  ---> <=== 如果你没有其他FS的支持需求,关

    [] Network File Systems  ---> <=== 如果你没有其他NFS的支持需求,关

        Partition Types  --->    

    [ ] Advanced partition selection <=== 如果不是和其他系统共存,可以不选

    -*- Native language support  ---> // 选上Chinese



    Kernel hacking  --->

    [] Show timing information on printks  <=== 在printk的输出中包含时间信息,可以用来分析内核启动过程各步骤所用时间 , 我不需要debug内核

    [ ] Enable __deprecated logic                         
  • Enable __must_check logic                         

  • (2048) Warn for stack frames larger than (needs gcc 4.4)

    [] Magic SysRq key <=== 一种通过快捷键控制系统方式,除非你非常清楚这个选项,官方不推荐选择

    [ ] Enable unused/obsolete exported symbols           

    -*- Debug Filesystem

    [ ] Run 'make headers_check' when building vmlinux    

    [] Kernel debugging <=== 内核调试,关                   

    [ ] Enable SLUB performance statistics                                                                           

    [] Compile the kernel with frame pointers  <=== 还是跟内核开发有关

    [ ] Delay each boot printk message by N milliseconds  

    < > torture tests for RCU                             

    [ ] Check for stalled CPUs delaying RCU grace periods 

    < > Self test for the backtrace code                  

    [ ] Force extended block device numbers and spread them

    [ ] Fault-injection framework                         

    [ ] Latency measuring infrastructure                  
  • Sysctl checks

  • [] Tracers  ---> <=== 内核跟踪分析器

    [] Remote debugging over FireWire early on boot  <=== 启动过程中,允许远程调试内核

    [ ] Enable dynamic printk() support

    [ ] Enable debugging of DMA-API usage

    [ ] Sample kernel code  --->                          

    [ ] Filter access to /dev/mem

    [] Enable verbose x86 bootup info messages <=== 在内核镜像解压缩阶段输出启动信息,关闭后相当于无声启动(Slient Bootup)

    -*- Early printk 

    []   Early printk via EHCI debug port  <=== 允许printk通过EHCI调试端口输出内核日志,调试的一律关

    [ ] Use 4Kb for kernel stacks instead of 8Kb

    [ ] Enable IOMMU stress-test mode

        IO delay type (port 0x80 based port-IO delay [recommended])  --->  
  • Allow gcc to uninline functions marked 'inline'



  • Security options  --->  <=== 安全特性,我选择全关,当然,这些选项不会影响你的日常开发,办公

    [] Enable access key retention support <=== 关闭

    [] Enable different security models <=== 关闭

    [ ] Enable the securityfs filesystem

    [] File POSIX Capabilities <=== 关闭

    [ ] Integrity Measurement Architecture(IMA)



    <*> Cryptographic API  ---> // 加密API,这部分选项会根据此前的优化自动调整,默认即可

    [] Virtualization  ---> <=== 我的系统已经运行在虚拟机中,不需要再支持虚拟化

    Library routines  ---> // 库子程序,这部分选项会根据此前的优化自动调整,默认即可


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